As the pass was made, the Norwegian was clearly onside and then outran the defender. It was a perfectly executed play.
I did not see the Aussie play you mention, cannot comment.
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I have seen these stats on Premier League matches (12-13 km is not unusual) and had assumed they were gps based. There are such systems, but at the highest levels it seems these guys use a three camera system:
https://www.stats.com/sportvu-football/
When I was in college I knew a guy (a fellow student who lived on campus) who was paid to be one of a team of stat counters at home basketball games. He and the other stat counters were lined up on a long table with papers in front of them, and they'd mark down every point, rebound, assist, turnover, etc. (depending on who was assigned to count what).
That was over 20 years ago; I don't know how much of that counting has since been taken over by computers.
Every pundit on BBC TV and radio who I've heard express a view on this goal didn't think it should be allowed and I agree. The reason being that if Lloyd hadn't been there, the Swedish player would most likely just have left the ball which would probably have just gone out of play for a Swedish goal-kick.
It may have been a correct decision under current guidelines but I tend to agree with schigh that things have gone a little too far.
Meanwhile....Cameroon is not happy with VAR today....
https://www.bbc.com/sport/live/football/47323153/page/4
The offside was not called on the player not involved in the play, it was called on the player that received the pass (the back of one foot was offside). Still a very harsh call, but I agree with Conor Dary, you do see these called. Having said that, I do agree with Phil Neville's comments after the game.
On the Norway game, I have to give a shout out to the goalie for stopping a PK while staying on the line. So, I was wrong, it can be done. Now rooting for Hjelmseth to win the golden glove for the tournament.